Monday, 23 April 2018

Prepositions


Prepositions
Three Groups of Prepositions:
a. Prepositions of place, position and direction.
b. Prepositions of time.
c. Prepositions for other relationships.


SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS
PLACE
POSITION
DIRECTION
TIME
OTHER
above
across
along
among
at
away from
behind
below
beside
between
beyond
by
down
from
in
in front of
inside
into
near
off
on
opposite
out (of)
outside
over
around
through
to
towards
under
up
after
before
at
by
for
during
from
in
except
as
like
about
with
without
by
for


Preposition
Meaning
Example
above
higher than, or over
The sun is above the clouds.
across
from one side to the other
It's dangerous to run across the road.
after
- following something
- later than
- The boy ran after the ball.
- I'll phone you after lunch.
against
- in opposition to
- in contact with
- Stealing is against the law.
- The sofa is against the wall.
along
from one end to the other 
They are walking along the street.
among
surrounded by
Peter was among the spectators.
around
- in a circle
- near, approximately
- He walked around the table.
- It costs around 50 euros.
before
- earlier than
- in front of
- The day before yesterday.
- He bowed before the king.
behind
at the back of 
Passengers sit behind the driver.
below
lower than 
His shorts are below his knees.
beneath
under
The pen was beneath the books.
beside
next to
The bank is beside the cinema.
between
in the space separating two things
Mary sat between Tom and Jane.
by
- near, at the side of
- not later than
- The restaurant is by the river.
- The boss wants the report by Friday.
close to
near
The school is close to the church.
down
from higher to lower
She pulled down the blind.
for
what is intended
I bought this book for you.
from
where something starts or originates
The wind is blowing from the north.
in
at a point within an area
The pen is in the drawer.
in front of
directly before
The child ran out in front of the bus.
inside
on the inner part of 
The bird is inside the cage.
into
enter a closed space
He went into the shop.
near
close to
The school is near the church.
next to
beside
The bank is next to the cinema.
off
down or away from
He fell off the horse.
on
in a position touching a surface 
The plate is on the table.
onto
move to a position on a surface 
The cat jumped onto the roof of the car.
opposite
facing, on the other side
Eva sat opposite Tom at the table.
out of
- move from a closed space
- without
- He got out of the taxi.
- She's out of work.
outside
- opposite of inside
- on the outer side 
The garden is outside the house.
over
- above/across
- on the surface of
- The plane flew over the Atlantic.
- She put a sheet over the furniture.
past
beyond
She drove past the supermarket.
round
in a circular movement 
The earth moves round the sun.
through
from one side to the other
The Seine flows through Paris.
throughout
in every part of
The virus spread throughout the country.
to
in the direct of; towards
On the way to the station.
towards
in the direction of
The child ran towards her father.
under
beneath, below
Water flows under the bridge.
underneath
beneath
There was dust underneath the rug.
up
towards or in a higher position
She walked up the stairs.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. Choose your answers from the options given in the brackets.
1. This material is different ………………… that. (from / to / with)
2. You should explain this ………………… them. (to / at / with)
3. He has been absent ………………… Monday. (since /for / from)
4. I haven’t been to the theatre ………………… a long time. (since / for /from)
5. He goes ……………….. school by car. (to / at / on)
6. This is a comfortable house to live ……………… (on / at / in)
7. They are called …………………. different names. (by / with / for)
8. We should not spend money ………………. luxuries. (for / on / with)
9. I gave him a chair to sit ………………. (on / at / in)
10. The new term begins …………………. June 1st. (on / in / from)
11. He poured the tea ………………….. the mug. (into / on / in)
12. He said that he was very pleased …………………. my work. (with / on / at)
Answers
1. This material is different from that.
2. You should explain this to them.
3. He has been absent since Monday.
4. I haven’t been to the theatre for a long time.
5. He goes to school by car.
6. This is a comfortable house to live in.
7. They are called by different names.
8. We should not spend money on luxuries.
9. I gave him a chair to sit on.
10. The new term begins on June 1st.
11. He poured the tea into the mug.
12. He said that he was very pleased with my work.

PREPOSITIONS

          Observe the bolded words in the following passage:
         Last year I went to Kolkatta by train with my uncle on a holiday trip. We started at 7.30 in the morning.
        We reached there around 8pm. We waited for our brother near the hotel. He was expected from New Delhi.
         He arrived only after 10pm.


ü  The bolded words above are ‘prepositions’.
ü  A preposition occurs usually before a noun or noun equivalent.
ü  It gives information about time, place, cause, purpose, direction etc.
ü  A preposition shows relationship of a noun with another noun, verb or adjective.
       
      E.g.: She is angry with me. (with adjective)
               I agree with you. (with verb)
               He has a great love for English. (with noun)

 Frequently used Prepositions:
on, in, at, for, by, with, to, into, since, for, before, after, during, across, around, along, between,
among, from, of, off, till, below, under, above, beside, besides etc.

 Some Phrasal Prepositions:
according to, because of, in case of, with reference to, in favour of, in front of, in accordance with,
on behalf of, in addition to,  in spite of, with regard to, by means of, for the sake of, due to,
owing to,  instead of etc

1. Use of some common Prepositions:
On:
     1. The book is on the table. (on the top of)
     2. Let’s meet on Monday. (before week days)
     3. We got independence on 15th of August. (before dates)
     4. We wear new clothes on Diwali. (before festivals/holidays)
In:
  1. Fish live in water (inside)
  2. We started early in the morning (parts of day)
  3. You look fine in a sari (clothes)
  4. He was born in 1962 (years/months)
At:
  1. She is waiting at the main gate. (near)
  2. Meet me at 8.00 am. (exact time)
  3. Don’t disturb us. We are at work. (busy with)
Of:
  1. He is the son of a farmer. (belonging to)
  2. He died of cancer. (cause)
From:
 1. It is two kilometers from office to home. (origin)
  1. The office is open from 7.00 am. (start of time)
By – with:
  1. He was killed by a hunter with an arrow (by-agent, with-instrument)
  2. He lives by the river. (beside)
  3. Complete the work by 15th of this month. (not later than)


Between – Among:
  1. There are no differences between you and me. (for ‘two’)
  2. Vijayawada lies between Guntur and Gudivada. (for ‘two’)
  3. There were differences among the soldiers. (‘more than’ two)

Beside – Besides:
  1. She sat beside me. (by the side of)
  2. I have a cycle besides a scooter. (in addition to)

Since – for:
  1. He has been limping since the accident. (point of time)
  2. I have been waiting here for the last 2 hours. (period of time)

Along – across:
  1. People stood along the road to welcome the CM. (in the same direction)
  2. People stood across the road to stop the CM. (direction- from one side to the other)

opposite – in front of:
  1. We live opposite the municipal office. (face to face)
  2. He stood in front of me in the queue. (one before the other)

2. Use of some common Phrasal Prepositions:      

     1. Because of: (reason)
            E.g.: Because of heavy rain the play stopped.
     2. In accordance with: (comply with)
           E.g.: He performs his duties in accordance with the Government service rules.
     3. On behalf of: (to represent)
           E.g.: The leader is speaking to the Minister on behalf of the common man
    4. In addition to: (adding to/besides)
          E.g.: In addition to routine duties the senior teacher is acting as the Principal.
    5. Contrary to: (against)
          E.g.: His words are contrary to his actions.

Activity -1:     (Reading – Speaking – Writing)                                          (PAIR WORK)
Fill in the blanks with appropriate preposition from the options given in brackets:

E.g.:  He always writes ______ (in/with) black ink. [In]
1. This is a cheque _______ Rs. 5000. (of/for)
2. I wrote a quick note ______ pencil. (with/in)
3. She goes home _______ her own car. (in/by)
4. She has been waiting ________ a week. (since/for)
5. It is 7pm ______ my watch. (in/by)
6. He has a passion ______ (of/for) teaching.
7. I prefer fish _____ chicken. (than/to)
8. I always sit _______ my close friend Ravi. (beside/besides)
9. She always boasts _______ her wealth. (of/about)
         10. She is senior ________ me. (to/than)
         11.  M/s Khan and Co. is dealers ________ (with/in) Iron and hardware.
         12.  We must be grateful _______ (to/for) god for creating us.
         13.  He is jealous _______ (in/of) my success in the Group-1 exams.
         14.  This teacher is known _____ (to/for) everybody in the town.
         15.  She is good ______ (in/at) playing on the guitar.




      Activity -2:           (Reading – Speaking – Writing)                                                (PAIR WORK)

      Fill in the blanks with prepositions that can follow the verbs in bolded form:

      1. I belong ______ Rajamundry.
2. He left _______ London last week.
3. Mumbai is famous _______ textile industry.
4. His father is known _______me.
5. He is good _____ English.
6. She is tired _______ hard work.
7. The Police Inspector is looking ______ the murder case.
8. I am sure ________ your success.
9. Let’s congratulate him ______ his success.
10. We pray _______ god every day.

Activity -3:     (Reading – Speaking – Writing)                                          (PAIR WORK)
Discuss with your partner and fill in the blanks with appropriate phrasal preposition from the list:
   
1. _________ poverty he came out successfully.
2. _______ your letter dated 15th September I have the following to say.
3. He went to town ________ buy new clothes.
4. The match has been cancelled ______ heavy rain.
5. _________ the staff and the Principal, I offer my vote of thanks.
6. ______ curiosity I opened the box and searched inside.
7. He is fighting with the government ________ the poor people.
8. The college remains closed tomorrow _________ Diwali.

        (On behalf of, on account of, with reference to, for the sake of, out of, in spite of, owing to, in order to)

Activity -4:     (Reading – Speaking – Writing)                                          (GROUP WORK)

Identify the error in the following sentences if any, and show the answer as (a), (b),(c). If no error is found mark as (d):
     E.g.:  This is (a)/ called as (b)/ the Periodic Table (c)/ No error (d). ANS: B
               Say “This is called the Periodic Table.

1. The boys (a)/entered into (b)/ my room with out asking for permission (c)/. No error (d).
2. We discussed seriously (a)/ about (b)/ the recent trends in films (c). No error (d)
3. He (a)/ has (b)/ no house to live (c)/. No error (d)
4. We did not listen (a)/ what the teacher was saying (b)/ because of the noise outside the class room (c)/No error (d)
5. Uncle won’t agree (a)/ with (b)/ my suggestion (c)/. No error (d)
6. These chairs (a)/ are made (b)/ with wood and steel (c)/. No error (d)
7. I am not happy (a)/ on (b)/ what is going around me (c)/. No error (d)
8. I have been paying (a)/ income tax (b)/ since ten years (c)/. No error (d)
9. There are (a)/ many differences of opinion (b)/among wife and husband (c)/. No error (d)
10. The old man (a)/ was killed (b)/ with a highway man by a dagger(c)/ No error (d)
11.  The agitators tried to (a)/ enter into (b)/ the principal’s chamber in big numbers (c)/ No error (d)
12.  Parents are normally (a)/ proud with (b)/ their children for their good behavior (c)/ No error (d)
13.  I always prefer (a)/ reading books (b)/ than listening to music (c)/ No error (d)
14.  I am not sure (a)/ of getting through (b)/ the entrance test this year (c)/ No error (d)
15.  Krishna invited me (a)/ for dinner (b)/ and gave me a memorable one (c) No error (d)

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